Spring in New England means right whales feast upon large blooms of zooplankton in Cape Cod Bay (CCB) and the nearby Great South Channel, which allows data hungry research teams to get a lot of work done! The Center for Coastal Studies (CCS) runs dedicated aerial surveys to cover CCB from December to May, and collects water samples to monitor habitat conditions. The Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) surveyed the Great South Channel and surrounding waters by vessel and plane; they are still at it, actually, and still finding whales! Additionally, teams from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), New England Aquarium and NEFSC conducted research from vessels in the Bay.

The crew from Center for Coastal Studies on R/V Shearwater doing habitat monitoring work on April 25, as a whale feeds at the surface. Photo: Marianna Hagbloom

Unmanned aircraft systems, or drones, are a form of technology that researchers are currently experimenting with as a new collection method, and two research vessels were successfully able to launch drones around right whales this Spring. Members from our team were lucky enough to join a few trips with the WHOI and NOAA crew as they used a hexicopter drone to collect images for photogrammetry, which will help with the health analysis of individual right whales.

Reaching up to catch the returning drone after the mission in Cape Cod Bay. Photo by Veronique LaCapra. Copyright: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

The team also used the drone to collect blow samples for genetic and microbiome analysis, similar to a study WHOI did last year with humpback whales! We already know the photos taken with the drone are absolutely stunning and will be incredibly useful to the Catalog, but we're looking forward to learning about their findings from using this new tool.

Overhead aerial view of a right whale at the surface, taken with the hexicopter. Photo by John W. Durban. Research approach of whales using the hexicopter was authorized by NMFS permit #17355 and flights were authorized under an MOU between NOAA and the FAA (Class G MOU #2016-ESA-3-NOAA).  Copyright: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

For the remainder of the season, we joined up with members of a NEFSC team with a special goal in mind: to collect biopsy samples from right whales. An arrow with a specialized tip which collects a small plug of blubber and skin is shot at the whale's body using a crossbow. Even though it sounds rough, the vast majority of whales display little or no reaction to this, and the spot heals over quickly. The scientific gains from this endeavor, however, are HUGE. From one sample, we are able to confirm who the mother is (rarely, a calf will become adopted by a different mother), discover who the father is, and determine the sex. The newly darted individual gets added to this database, which will help determine any offspring he/she has in the future, as well help match it to a dead animal through a skin or bone sample collected from a carcass. Genetics has also helped scientists estimate the original size of the population before commercial hunting (it's not as high as previously believed!), and even tell us how few calving females there were at the population's lowest point. All of this information is available to us through the hard work of the amazing geneticists associated with Saint Mary's University and Trent University.

The biopsy arrow hits the whale and immediately bounces off the body with a sample. The collection tip of the arrow is very small in relation to the size of the whale. Photo: Marianna Hagbloom, NEFSC/NEAq under NOAA Research Permit #17355-1.

Since the late 80's, over 503 individual right whales (71% including non-catalogued individuals) have been genetically sampled, which is insanely impressive for any wild population. The majority of calves are sampled when they are with their mothers in the Southeast, and non-sampled calves and adults would be darted during the summer in the Bay of Fundy. However, plenty of individuals remain on our "wanted" list, and since Cape Cod Bay (CCB) has been utilized by so many whales recently, we decided to head there to see if we could be successful in finding the whales we needed. Thankfully we were, and obtained two very exciting samples! One of these came from the single calf that hadn't been biopsied in the Southeast this winter (shoutout to the teams who sampled all the other calves!), as well as a non-catalogued whale currently known by the code BK01GSC14. This whale has only been photographed eight times since 2010, and only in CCB and the Great South Channel.

We'll finally get to unlock the mystery that is BK01GSC14, thanks to genetics! Photo: Marilyn Marx, NEFSC/NEAq under NOAA research permit #17355-1.

Who will be revealed as the parents of this whale? It will take time to get the results from the lab, so until then we remain curious and look forward to crossing more individuals off our "wanted" list as we encounter loads of right whales this summer (*fingers crossed*).

-Marianna

As Father's Day approaches, we've been thinking about one of our more successful whale fathers: Misstip (Catalog #1156). While it is very difficult with right whales to distinguish social actions from actual mating, we have been able to make some major advances in our ability to determine paternities among the whale population in the North Atlantic, like Misstip.


Misstip was first seen in 1981 and was given his name because he is missing both his fluke tips. He has sired five identified calves with four different females: Shenandoah (#1266), Stripe (#1135), Bugs (#1241), and Fermata (#1001), and is also grandfather to three identified grand-calves! And while father to five and grandfather to three doesn't sound all that impressive, keep in mind how small the total right whale population is—around 500 animals. In "human terms," as a percent of the total population, Misstip would be the father of around 70 million (1% of 7 billion)!



This family tree of Misstip is based on DNA research, carried out by our colleagues at both Trent University in Ontario, Canada and St. Mary's University in Nova Scotia, Canada, where DNA gathered from small skin samples (much like a biopsy) is compared against a database of known genetic samples. This genetic database project was launched in 1988, and to date we've collected genetic material from more than 70 percent of the right whale population, making the database a key tool in our further understanding of the species as a whole, the relationships between animals, and the lineage of individuals like Misstip.



For the DNA database and all the other ongoing right whale research projects, we want to say thanks to all the dads, and moms, and children, who have supported our work through their sponsorships.

And to Misstip and all the other dads, Happy Father's Day!

-Right Whale Research Team + Volunteers