11/22/10

#2 A lull in the weather of November in the Gulf of Maine

Three times a day for two weeks we studied the weather forecast and data on wind speed and wave height from the weather buoy in the vicinity of Jordan Basin. Day after day the winds were greater than 20 knots, and the wave height over eight feet: not sea conditions favorable for right whale research. On Thursday November 11, the weather began to look promising for the following week: winds were forecast to calm to variable less than 10 knots and the waves subsiding to 2 - 5 feet, almost perfect conditions.
On Monday November 15 we loaded up all our gear at the Aquarium in Boston and drove to Bar Harbor. We met up with the crew of the charter vessel, Friendship V, a 112' long catamaran used seasonally for whale watching and now geared up for whale research. Our first hours were spent unloading our gear, becoming familiar with the safety procedures on the boat, then dinner and early to bed. Departure on Tuesday November 16 was at 4:30 am, well before first light. It was going to take about two hours to get to our first trackline and we wanted to be there at sunrise. The day before, right whales had been seen by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center aerial survey team; at least we knew there were right whales in the area. Before we left we planned our tracklines to cover the area of right whale aggregation from previous years. Our plan worked well, well almost. We arrived at our first waypoint about 55 nm south of Bar Harbor at dawn. In addition to our team of six biologists from the Aquarium, we were joined by whale researchers, interns and naturalists from the Bar Harbor area. We set up our watches, spread out around the upper deck of the boat and watched with amazement as a fog bank engulfed us in a matter of minutes. Having steamed all this way, there was no point in turning back so we proceeded slowly, peering into the fog and listening for whale blows.

The visibility shrank at times to less than 100 yards, but then someone called out they had heard a blow and sure enough a right whale. Our first right whale was #2791, an adult female who calved in 2009 and is due to get pregnant.

By early afternoon, the fog bank cleared and we surveyd until it was too dark to see. In total we recorded about a dozen whales for the day. Fourteen hours after our depature we docked back in Bar Harbor, and were ready for another survey the next day. But the weather closed in again. The crew of the Friendship V made plans to relocate the vessel to a secure mooring early the next morning to prepare for the next storm. We managed to get our first survey completed on the only calm day for over two weeks. Our next survey will take place in early December.

Many thanks for a very successful survey to the captain and crew of the Friendship V and our vounteer team of researchers from Allied Whale, Maine Department of Marine Resources, naturalist and interns from the Bar Harbor Whale Watch Company and Down East Nature Tours.

#1 Quest for the Right Whale Mating Ground

There are many aspects of the life and habits of North Atlantic right whales that remain elusive and one long-standing mystery is the location of their mating ground. Most right whale calves are born from December through February on the only known calving ground, located in the waters of the southeast U.S. We estimate that the gestation period is 12 to 13 months, which means mating likely takes place between November and January.

In January 2002, right whales were seen from a military vessel southwest of Jordan Basin in the central Gulf of Maine, approximately 60 miles south of Bar Harbor, Maine. From 2004 through 2009 in November, December and January, scientists from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC, Woods Hole, MA) recorded aggregations of right whales in the same area (their image provided below).


In November and December 2010 and early January 2011, a joint international research team from the New England Aquarium (NEAq) and the Canadian Whale Institute (CWI, Wilson's Beach, NB) will charter a vessel from Bar Harbor, ME. The team will carry out vessel surveys in this area to collect photographs of right whales for individual identification, scarring and health assessment as well as skin biopsy samples for ongoing genetics studies, and fecal samples for studies on reproductive hormones. Funding for the field study has been provided by the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission (grant to NEAq) and the Canadian Wildlife Federation and TD Bank (grant to CWI).

Friendship V

The survey vessel, Friendship V, is being chartered from Ocean Properties who are providing additional in kind financial support and with rooms at the Harborside Hotel for the researchers before and after the cruises. With enough funding for four survey days, the plan is, weather permitting, to survey one day in November, two days in December and a fourth day in January. Ideal weather is a must, which means less than 15 knots of wind and a swell of not more than 3 to 5 feet, and less is better on both counts. Stay tuned as we monitor the weather daily to find a suitable day.

- Moe Brown

9/30/10

#20 Do We Have To Leave?


Compilation of photos from our 2010 field season

Its that time in the season again to say goodbye to the whales and to Lubec. Everyone is busy cleaning the house and packing up gear. The main office is bare except for the computer that I'm using to write our final blog entry. The only spot in the house that has a normal level activity is the kitchen and that's only because we're having pizza night as our farewell dinner.

Our wonderful chef, Claudia, preparing pizza in our custom clay oven

This year was certainly an anomaly in the Bay of Fundy given the low number of right whales, plus the atypical sightings of sperm whales, pilot whales and white-beaked dolphins. In total, we identified 53 individual right whales (number depending on data analysis) of which there were only 5 mom/calf pairs. We had a successful survey on Roseway Basin and on the way back we found a small aggregation of right whales feeding at the surface southwest of Lurcher Shoals. Colleagues reported small groups of right whales on southern Jeffreys Ledge off Gloucester, MA and around Mount Desert Rock, south of Bar Harbor, ME. These small aggregations spread through out the Gulf of Maine were the trend in 2010.

Although we do not have an explanation for the unusual year, we have some theories. Right whale distribution is driven in the spring, summer and fall by feeding; it is likely that the food resource was not sufficient to attract right whales in their usual haunts. We will continue to speak with colleagues in other fields of oceanography and investigate the effects that may result from this anomalous distribution.

Sometimes science is hard. The weather for the last two weeks of September were not conducive to any surveys since September 18. Today we learned that one of the whale watch vessels managed to brave the elements in the Bay of Fundy this morning and saw a number of right whales. They also described the wind as strong enough to "trip a snake." Although our time here is done for the season, we are already preparing for a field season in a portion of the Gulf of Maine called Jordan Basin. This area may be the putative mating ground for the right whale, and vessel surveys are planned for late November and December. Be sure to stay tuned to our blog for the next exciting survey season.

Zach

9/25/10

#19 Recapping Efforts

Recap and update to entry #17 Where The Whales Aren't.

R/V Callisto heading out at dawn on Sept 18 for our bay-wide survey

We have ventured to the far reaches of the Bay of Fundy, outside of our traditional survey area, to look for right whales this season. Last week the team discussed expanding our survey to areas south of Grand Manan Island and farther east toward the southern tip of Nova Scotia - 2 areas where right whales have been seen recently. With only a 2 day weather window, we decided to first complete a thorough survey in the Bay before we went exploring around the Gulf of Maine.

R/V Nereid heading home at dusk on Sept 18 after our bay-wide survey

On September 18, R/V Callisto and Nereid surveyed a large section of the Bay and found 9 right whales in the northeast part of the Bay, an optimistic number given the year. The whales were farther northeast than usual and outside of their typical feeding area. So we extended our Bay of Fundy survey by another day to cover the northeastern and westward areas outside of the critical habitat area. To our surprise, we only found 3 whales between both boats. Interestingly though, we saw 56 pilot whales during those 2 days and similarly to sperm whales, pilot whales are deep-diving squid eaters. Speaking of sperm whales, we saw 5 sperm whales during those surveys and have some cool audio recordings that we're going to post soon.

Right whale with entanglement scar across its head

A rare sight in the Bay of Fundy - pilot whale

The weather is typical of September and is not looking good for next week but we're hopeful we will be able to survey again before our season ends.

Zach

9/24/10

#18 To Eat Or Not To Eat? That Is Not The Question.

As our field season slowly winds down, discussions of low right whale numbers in the Bay of Fundy continues. A particularly interesting theory has been recently suggested that relates to copepods, the primary food for North Atlantic right whales. A colleague informed us of an unusually warm slug of fresher water that moved into the Gulf of Maine earlier this year. What does warmer water in winter and spring mean for right whales in August - October? Potentially, A LOT!

Calanus copepods collected during our survey in Roseway Basin

In the Bay of Fundy, right whales feed specifically on a copepod species called Calanus finmarchicus that are found in dense aggregations at or near the bottom of deep water basins in late summer and early fall. The Bay of Fundy is one of the main feeding habitats for North Atlantic right whales so their absence here suggests something may be going on with the food resource on which they have traditionally depended. This brings us back to our original question - how could unusually warm water in winter affect right whales in the summer?

In the Bay, adult copepods spawn in late winter, early spring, just in time for the spring phytoplankton bloom. As copepods develop, they feed on the phytoplankton then as summer rolls around they begin a period of hibernation, where they descend to depth and remain there all winter until spring...and the cycle continues (click here for more detail on the copepod life cycle).




Zach and colleagues from Grand Manan Whale and Seabird Research Station sampling for copepods in the Bay of Fundy

For now we can only speculate to how the unusually warm water which apparently started to infiltrate in late winter may have affected the spring phytoplankton bloom and/or copepod recruitment. If copepod abundance was lower this year than traditionally found in the Bay of Fundy then the influx of warm water starting earlier this year may provide some insight as to why right whales did not show up in significant numbers. Future detailed monitoring of copepods in the Bay of Fundy would be a big step toward understanding right whale distribution and ecology.